The keloids that had formed and swelled from the chest to the breasts of atomic bomb survivors exposed to the Nagasaki atomic bomb whose photographs were taken in February 1947 .

The keloid formation occurred on burned skin. Keloids that formed and swelled from the chest to the breasts of female atomic bomb survivors exposed to the Nagasaki atomic bomb were photographed in February 1947.

    The sequelae and genetic effects of the atomic bombs included the following atomic bomb diseases

   1) Keloids: In the center of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, near the hypocenter, victims who received significant primary burns or flame burns were injured simultaneously by the tremendous blast and radiation, and most of them died immediately or within the same day. They were at least near the end of Stage I. These secondary burns were similar in nature to those of flash fires, resembling grade 3 and grade 4 burns that cause significant damage to the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue. These lesions were often associated with flash burns and took a long time to heal. The poor living conditions just before and after the end of the Pacific War also contributed to this long healing period. Burns festered, leading to delayed wound repair and the formation of thick scars in the subcutaneous tissue. The scar tissue shrank, resulting in deformity and functional impairment. These sequelae were more pronounced on the face, neck, and fingers.

　The majority of flash burns (primary burns), which occurred frequently in areas within about 2,000 to 3,000 meters of the hypocenter, initially healed in a relatively short time and resulted in the formation of simple, thin scars. This is a difference between the two groups. Bone maturation was studied in 1973 and included 556 children exposed in utero in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and a control group. It was found that epiphyseal closure of the hands progressed about 6 to 7 months later in boys and about 8 to 9 months later in girls than previously reported in healthy children.

   2) Adult life of in utero survivors: In 1973, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission reported on the late effects of in utero exposure. The A-bomb diseases observed in persons exposed to high doses of radiation in utero were: (1) retardation of growth and development (height, head circumference) and increased incidence of microcephaly; (2) increased mortality, especially in infants; (3) temporary decrease in antibody production; and (4) increased frequency of chromosome aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes. However, there was no increase in the incidence of leukemia or cancer, nor was there any change in fertility or in the sex ratio of children born to exposed women.

    3) Microcephaly As for the frequency of microcephaly, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission found 33 cases of microcephaly among 169 prenatally exposed survivors in Hiroshima. These 33 cases included 15 cases of mental retardation, 18 cases of normal mental development, and 13 cases of head circumference more than 3 standard deviations smaller than the standard deviation. Among 183 children exposed in utero in Hiroshima, we found 33 cases of microcephaly; 14 of the 33 cases had a marked degree of microcephaly. With regard to children exposed in utero in Nagasaki, the authors noted that the average head circumference of high-dose survivors (within 1.5 km and more than 50 rads) was low. They reported microcephaly in 7 of 102 children exposed in utero within 2 km of the hypocenter in Nagasaki and in 5 of 173 children exposed 2 to 3 km from the hypocenter.

Masao Tsuzuki and his colleagues took the Manhattan District survey team of the U.S. Army's Atomic Bomb Survey to Ohno Army Hospital to explain the damage and A-bomb diseases to the survivors of the Hiroshima atomic bombing.

The U.S. atomic bomb survey team and Masao Tsuzuki and his colleagues from the University of Tokyo conducted a substantive survey of the atomic bomb survivors and the damage they suffered after being exposed to the atomic bomb on September 11, 1945, at Ohno Army Hospital (present-day Miyahama Onsen, Hatsukaichi City) in Hiroshima Prefecture. Masao Tsuzuki and others guided a Manhattan District survey team of the U.S. Army's atomic bomb survey team to Ohno Army Hospital and explained the damage and A-bomb diseases to the Hibakusha. On August 31, 1945, the Mainichi Shimbun published a report on the damage caused by other atomic bombs and the A-bomb diseases of the Hibakusha on August 31, 1945. It exposed the atrocity of the horrific atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Now, the medical community in Japan has come to investigate the truth of the atrocities from the standpoint of pathology. During the wartime period, the Hiroshima Army Hospital opened the first and second branches in Motomachi, and the other branches in Eba, Mitaki, and Ono, and in June 1945, in preparation for the battle for the mainland, a three-hospital system was established: Hiroshima Temporary First Army Hospital, Hiroshima Temporary Second Army Hospital, and Ono Army Hospital.

  On September 19, the General Headquarters of the Allied Forces (GHQ) began censoring Japanese news reports and publications, and the Mainichi Shimbun officially published its coverage of the atomic bomb immediately after September 19, just before the GHQ banned the atomic bomb by censoring all materials. On September 17, the Makurazaki typhoon hit the Ono Army Hospital, killing about 156 people, according to a Kyoto University survey team. The Army Hospital was closed after the disaster, and all documentation of the damage was lost and abandoned. The incident at Kyoto University was not known to the public for a long time because the GHQ press code, under which the Asahi Shimbun criticized the U.S. for the atomic bombs, stopped the publication of newspapers on September 16 and 20.

　Immediately after the atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and exploded, the damage caused by the atomic bombs and the reality of the deaths from the bombings were gradually made public by the Japanese mass media. Masao Tsuzuki and his team and the U.S. Army's atomic bomb survey team went to Hiroshima, and the U.S. Army took all the materials on atomic bomb sickness of the Hibakusha who were exposed to the atomic bombs back to the U.S. In addition, a press code was put in place on September 19, and the reality of the atomic bombings was sealed for a long time. This was a defeat for the medical community and the mass media in Japan. The Press Code for Japan ("Press Code") is a set of rules to control and censor newspapers and other news media under the Allied occupation of Japan after the end of the Pacific War, issued by the General Headquarters of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (GHQ). On September 15, the Asahi Shimbun published an op-ed by Ichiro Hatoyama, who advocated that justice is power, saying that the use of atomic bombs and the killing of innocent people in the U.S. was no more a violation of international law or a war crime than the attack on a hospital ship or the use of poison gas.

  

Hiroshima Atomic Bombing stripped the hospital with even window frames blown out , where was soon put to use again to shelter its surviving patients on lower floor as army took over above.

The building had been blown out, as well as most of the window frames, by the explosion of the Hiroshima atomic bomb. Immediately the army occupied and used the upper floors of the building first. The lower floors were then immediately used again as a first aid station to evacuate the surviving survivors of the bombing in Hiroshima City to the lower floors for rescue (Life, July 29, 1952, Vol. 33, pp. 19-25, No. 13, Time Publishing Co.) For the first time overseas, Life magazine published 14 atomic bomb photos of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that had not been censored by the US military. The uncensored photos show atomic bombing through victims' eyes, the perspective of a photographer who sees the tragedy of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as a threat to the world from the United States, the country that dropped the bombs.

　The photographers who photographed the Hiroshima bombing witnessed more tragedies than could be captured in a photograph. In aid stations, they captured the stunned faces of burned children. In the few buildings that remained, we moved cautiously through the dead bodies on each floor of the first aid room. But the sight of the worst of the hibakusha is not well documented in photographs." One photographer explained, "I tried to click the shutter many times, but the victims begged for mercy." It was too cruel, too inhuman, to ignore the hibakusha's pleas for help. If I had known it was an atomic bomb, I wouldn't have thought to take pictures," he said.
　The Japanese government estimated, as the photographer saw it, that some 260,000 people were killed, 163,263 injured or missing, an area of about 13.2 km2 destroyed, and 63,431 buildings destroyed. Although this was an enormous amount of damage and sacrifice from the bombing, it was estimated to be a statistically acceptable figure. However, it could hardly be assumed at the time that this was the result of the momentary explosion of the Hiroshima atomic bomb on August 6, 1945, as explained in the book "A-bomb Dai-ichi_Hiroshima no Keisatsu Kiroku" (Asahi Press), a book on the Hiroshima atomic bomb published and released on August 14, 1952. In the book, "Atomic Bomb No. 1: Hiroshima no Keisatsu Kiroku" (Asahi Press), a book on the Hiroshima atomic bombing that was released after the bombing, there is an explanation. A strange light suddenly flashed in the center of the city of Hiroshima. At that moment, the citizens of Hiroshima plunged their fingers in their ears, closed their eyes, and fell to the ground. As if the whole world had been blown to pieces, the huge explosion of the Hiroshima atomic bomb shook the earth and the sky. Its radiant heat was a thousand times that of the sun. Iron poles were twisted like tawashi. From about 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., the entire city of Hiroshima was engulfed in flames. The poor hibakusha, thirsty and dehydrated, begged for water, but there was none to be had. 

 

In Matsuyama-cho, Nagasaki, the hypocenter of the atomic bombing, which the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission visited from September to October 1945, the dead of the bombing had been cremated and cremated in the gutters of a residential area, and their white bones were scattered all over the area.

An academic research team of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission visited Nagasaki City on September 10, 1945. In Matsuyama-cho, Nagasaki City, the hypocenter of the bombing, dead bodies that had been exposed to the bombing were cremated and buried in the gutters of a residential area. Their white bones were scattered all over the gutter.
  Immediately after the Hiroshima atomic bomb was dropped and exploded at 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, a Kure Jinbu survey team investigated the city of Hiroshima on the same day. The Imperial Japanese Army Headquarters in Tokyo dispatched the General Staff Headquarters, the War Ministry, and an Army Ministry relief survey team, including Yoshio Nishina of RIKEN, to Hiroshima City on August 8. Yoshio Nishina, who was in charge of Operation No. 2, the atomic bomb development program, verified the atomic bomb, and on August 10, at a joint Army-Navy special bomb research meeting in Hijiyama-tonan, Hiroshima City, he reported, "Atomic bomb narrative recognized. The hypocenter was assumed to be about 300 meters south of Gokoku Shrine at an altitude of about 550 meters, and a survey team sent by the Agency of Technology to Hiroshima on August 8 also reported to the government and the Army and Navy in Tokyo on August 10 that it was an atomic bomb.
　On August 9, 1945, at 11:02 a.m., the Nagasaki atomic bomb was dropped and exploded; at midnight on August 9, the Soviet Union entered the war, and at 10:30 p.m., the Supreme War Leadership Council was held in the Imperial Palace in Tokyo. Shortly after 11:02 p.m., the Governor of Nagasaki sent a telegram to the Western Military District General Staff announcing the dropping of a new type of bomb similar to the Hiroshima bomb on Nagasaki City. At around 11:30 a.m., the Ministry of Home Affairs or the Imperial Headquarters was informed of the new Nagasaki bomb. It was reported to the Supreme War Leadership Council of the Imperial Court, which resumed after 2:30 pm. Later, at around 2:30 a.m. on August 10, the acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration was decided at a meeting in front of the Showa Emperor.
　On August 8, the War Ministry's Medical Department dispatched the Army Medical School's Hiroshima Disaster Investigation Team. On August 10, the team determined that the bomb was radioactive, based on X-ray film sensitivity. A second survey team was dispatched to Hiroshima on August 14. The second survey team was dispatched to Hiroshima on August 14, and measured radioactivity in Hiroshima City using a Lauritzen electroscope until August 17. On the morning of August 15, Yoshio Nishina announced the atomic bomb in the newspaper.
　In late August and early September, the Tokyo Imperial University School of Medicine and other universities and research institutes participated in the survey and relief efforts in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Masao Tsuzuki of the University of Tokyo, who was the leader of the Hiroshima delegation, the Army Medical Academy, and the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research participated in the investigation of Hiroshima city on August 29 as the third investigation team of the Ministry of the Army. Pathological autopsies and Geiger counters were used to investigate the effects of radiation, and on September 3, the world's first lecture on A-bomb diseases was held at the Hiroshima Prefectural Government. On August 27, Kyoto Imperial University was requested by the Commanding General of the Chinese Military District to enter the city of Hiroshima on September 2, but the investigation was abandoned when 11 people died in the Makurazaki typhoon on September 17. In Nagasaki City, Kyushu Imperial University and Kumamoto Medical College participated in the survey and relief efforts from late August to early September.
　After the end of the war, the U.S. Army entered Japan, and a number of survey teams, including the Manhattan District Survey Team, which arrived at Yokohama Port on August 30, began to investigate and study the atomic bomb. On September 4, after liaison and coordination with Masao Tsuzuki, the head of the survey team at the University of Tokyo, the team entered Hiroshima City from Atsugi Air Base on September 8, and entered Nagasaki City on September 9 to begin the survey.
　On September 14, 1945, the Science Research Council of Japan (the predecessor of the current Science Council of Japan) formed the Special Committee for Research on the Atomic Bomb Disaster by the Science Education Bureau of the Ministry of Education. The committee was composed of approximately 33 members, 150 researchers, and 1,500 assistants. On September 22, 1945, the U.S. General Headquarters (GHQ) formed a joint military committee to investigate the effects of the atomic bomb in Japan. The GHQ issued restrictions on speech, press, and publishing in Japan on September 19, 1945, and these restrictions remained in place until the San Francisco Peace Treaty in April 1952. (Just before that, on September 5, reporter William Burchett reported for the first time in the Daily Express that some of the damage caused by the atomic bombs had been reported overseas.) On November 30, GHQ issued a strict prohibition on the publication of atomic bomb disaster research by the Japanese, and in January 1946, the medical materials on the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs were transferred from the Port of Kure to the Superintendent of Military Medicine in the U.S., where they were kept in secret until 1973.

 

 

Burns caused by atomic bombs developed only on the parts of the body that directly faced the flash of light emitted during the explosion. Depending on the posture, direction, and position of the victim at the time of the Atomic bombing, the burn surface faced the hypocenter where the Hiroshima bomb exploded.

Burns caused by atomic bombs developed only on the parts of the body that directly faced the flash of light emitted during the explosion. Depending on the posture, direction, and position of the victim at the time of the bombing, the burn surface faced the hypocenter where the Hiroshima atomic bomb exploded. The A-bomb survivors were escorted to the Army's Ninoshima Island Quarantine Station on Ninoshima Island, about 3 km offshore from Hiroshima Bay. Immediately after the explosion of the Hiroshima atomic bomb, the hospital was converted to a field hospital. Field hospitals in the A-bombed city were called field hospitals, and they became large-scale mobile facilities that treated the wounded in the open. Later, it functioned as a first aid station. Some of the initially admitted Hibakusha received temporary treatment in Ujina and were transported by sea from Ujina Port. Many of the survivors were severely exposed to the bombing, and about 70% of them died from the bombing despite treatment.　

　The burns caused by the atomic bombs were different from those caused by incendiary bombs and fires in conventional air raids. They developed only on the parts of the body that were directly exposed to the flash of light emitted during the explosion. According to an investigation report by the Army Medical Corps, when the Hiroshima atomic bomb exploded, members of the Army Ship Communication Corps were lined up in the schoolyard of Senda-machi National School, about 1.8 km south of the hypocenter. They were nude or semi-nude and formed a formation in the schoolyard. In a posture of resting from care, we listened to a cautionary tale from a senior officer of the ship's communications team. A strong flash of light came from the left side against the front of the formation. Instantly, all the members of the squadron either lay on the ground or took shelter in air-raid shelters. Those who were in line in the schoolyard received burns mainly on the left side of their bodies.

　After the Hiroshima atomic bomb exploded on August 6, 1945, the Japanese Army Ship Command, commonly known as the "Dawn Corps," selected the Ninoshima Island Quarantine Station as a base for the rescue of seriously injured survivors. From around 10:00 a.m. on August 6, the injured who had been exposed to the bombing in Hiroshima City were brought to Ninoshima Island one after another by boat. From around 10:00 a.m. on August 6, injured people who had been exposed to the bombing in Hiroshima City were brought to Ninoshima Island by boat one after another. The maximum number of detainees reached more than 10,000. Based on testimonies and the number of remains unearthed, it was estimated that about 70% of the A-bomb survivors died in the atomic bombing, and around September 1945, quarantine station staff and others collected the remains from the premises of the Mabiki quarantine station and erected a memorial tower in the form of a mound for 1,000 people. Later, in July 1955, about 2,000 of the remains from Ninoshima Island were enshrined in the Hiroshima City war dead memorial tower in Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park.

　After the Sino-Japanese War, the Ninoshima Quarantine Station quarantined war-wounded soldiers returning from overseas battlefields to prevent infectious diseases. The Sanyo Railway was extended to Hiroshima on June 10, 1894 before the start of the Sino-Japanese War, and the Ujina Line for military use was completed on August 4 after the declaration of war on the Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese army gathered in Hiroshima. Japanese troops were assembled in Hiroshima and shipped out from Ujina. The number of soldiers returning to Hiroshima was similarly large. Geographically, Ninoshima Island was in close proximity to Ujina. On Ninoshima Island, mountains and water were available, making it convenient for quarantine operations to prevent infectious diseases.

When the Nagasaki atomic bomb exploded, a 22-year-old female worker suffered severe atomic bomb sickness about 11 days after the bombing and was escorted to the Omura Naval Hospital, where she died of the bombing.

The Nagasaki atomic bomb was dropped and exploded at 11:02 a.m. on August 9, 1945, and a 22-year-old female worker was exposed to the bomb. About 11 days after the bombing, she suffered from severe atomic bomb sickness and was escorted to the Omura Naval Hospital in Omura City, Nagasaki Prefecture, where she was hospitalized on August 20. He was admitted to the 12th Hospital and diagnosed with facial burns, left and right upper extremity burns, left and right knee joint burns, and left and right leg back burns. He had second-degree burns on his face, both upper limbs, both knees, and the backs of both feet. The entire surface of the burns was covered with black colored crusts. Pus flowed out from most of the wounds. There was a foul smell of pus in the air.

　Upon admission, the patient was immediately given a subcutaneous injection of 500CC of tetanus serum. This was followed by daily intravenous injections of 200 ml of 25% dextrose with vitamins B and C. His general condition became debilitated, and his white blood cell count decreased to about 4,700 cells/mmli on September 8. No medical records of his subsequent course were noted. He was presumed to have died of A-bomb disease in the near future.

　She was exposed to gamma rays of radioactivity released by the explosion of the atomic bomb, which destroyed the cells of his body. Whenever a person received a burn injury, he or she was exposed to gamma radiation. It also induced A-bomb disease, which caused the blood to be digested, resulting in hemorrhage, immune deficiency, bloody stools, and early death. Even young women began to look old and their hair fell off. The devastation and photographs of some of the survivors were recorded as much as possible.

     After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, a large naval air force was newly established in Omura City, Nagasaki Prefecture. It became a base for the mass production of fighter planes and suicide missions. At the outbreak of the Pacific War, a new naval hospital was established. On August 9, 1945, at around 3:00 p.m., we received a notice from the police that a large number of casualties had occurred in Nagasaki City. A rescue team was dispatched immediately. At around 5:00 p.m., Omura City informed us that the number of casualties in Nagasaki City was countless and requested that we take about 1,000 people to the Omura Naval Hospital along the railroad line. The severely exposed were escorted from Urakami in Nagasaki City to Omura Station by a separate train. After arriving at Omura Station around 8:00 p.m., they were transported to the hospital by fire engines and other vehicles. As many as 758 A-bomb survivors were admitted at one time. In addition, severely exposed survivors from relief stations in Nagasaki Prefecture were escorted one after another to the Omura Naval Hospital.

In the day after the Nagasaki atomic bomb exploded, the area around the Catholic Church of Nakamachi collapsed and burned down. The citizens of Nagasaki survived in only gathered together to search for their relatives and homes.

 In the early morning hours of August 10, 1945, the day after the Nagasaki atomic bomb exploded on August 9, 1945, the area around the Catholic Nakamachi Church collapsed and burned down after the bombing. It was located about 2.5 meters south-southeast of the hypocenter of the Nagasaki atomic bomb. The area was completely destroyed by a second fire and the whole area was burnt to the ground. The heat rays from the atomic bomb caused combustible materials to ignite and reignite, leading to a huge fire. The Catholic Nakamachi Church was destroyed by the atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, leaving the outer walls and steeple.

　The situation in Nagasaki was different from other air raids in that the entire city was instantly turned into a blazing wasteland by the blast and the fire. Efforts to extinguish the fire and the medical team's efforts to rescue the victims were chaotic. As we waited for the time to pass, a small number of Nagasaki citizens who had survived because of their location gathered to search their homes and relatives. The Nagasaki atomic bomb was dropped at 11:02 a.m. on August 9, 1945, and exploded, killing or injuring about 120,820 people and setting about 18,409 houses on fire.

　At 11:02 a.m. on August 9, 1945, the explosion of the Nagasaki atomic bomb broke the windows of the cathedral and the interior collapsed due to the blast. A few hours later, the fire destroyed the roof of the cathedral, leaving only the steeple with the cross and the outer walls of the cathedral. Construction of the Nakamachi Church, located about 2.6 km south-southeast of the hypocenter, began in August 1981 with a donation from a French woman, and the dedication ceremony was held on September 8, 1897 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the martyrdom of the 26 saints. The chapel is a grand Romanesque building with brick walls painted with cement, and the main entrance has a steeple with four large clocks, one on each side of the exterior walls.

　In October 1951, the church was rebuilt with its exterior walls and steeple intact. In October 1951, the church was rebuilt with its exterior walls and steeple intact, and as such, it has been designated by the city of Nagasaki as a valuable remains of the atomic bombing, and an inscription has been placed by the church gate. The city of Nagasaki installed the nameplate to pray for the souls of those who were killed in and around Nakamachi, Nagasaki, and to hope that such a horrific disaster will never be repeated.

　Yosuke Yamabata (1917-1966), a member of the press corps of the Army Headquarters, was transferred from Tokyo on August 1 to Fukuoka City on August 6. He had passed through Hiroshima City the night before, where a new type of atomic bomb was dropped and exploded on August 6. I arrived at Michinoo Station in the northern part of Nagasaki City at 3:00 a.m. on August 10. I stayed in Nagasaki City for about 12 hours and recorded about 115 photographs, which I developed on August 12 and took back to Tokyo after being advised by my colleague Shihei Hino that the military would destroy them. After the war, on September 9, GHQ imposed strict censorship on the press. After keeping it sealed for about seven years, the peace treaty with Japan came into effect on April 28, 1952, and on August 6, 1952, the atomic bomb photos were published in the August 6 issue of the Asahi Graph.